Ancient History, RS sharma ancient history

 

History

History originate from Greek Word Historia, meaning “inquiry”.

In other words History is the study of the past. This term Historia term that relates to past events as well as the discovery, collection, organization, presentation and interpretation of information about these events.

Father of History : "Herodotus (c. 480–c. 420)".

Father of Indian History : ” Megasthenes”

Who wrote Book ”Indica”

Parts of History

Pre-History – There is always some history , even before invention of writing so , that’s called pre history , it consist 5

parts.

1. Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age): – 30,000 - 10,000 BCE

2. Mesolithic Period (Late Stone Age): 10,000 BCE – 8000 BCE

3. Neolithic Period (New Stone Age): 8000 BCE – 3000 BCE

4. Chalcolithic Period (Stone Copper Age): 3000 BCE – 1500 BCE

5. Iron Age: 1500 BCE – 200 BCE

Timing of these ages isn’t sure and not the most relevant.

History– The study of the past after the invention of writing and the study of literate societies based on written records and archaeological sources constitute history.

NON- LITRACY SOURCE– THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND BASIC CONFIRMATIONS ARE RELEATED TO THESE SOURCES

1. COINS

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL

3. Inscriptions

LITRACY SOURCE –

• RELEGIOUS LITERATURE - IT GIVES A BROAD EXPLAIN ABOUT SOCIAL ECONOMICAL AND CULTUTRAL CONDITION .

• THE FOUR VEDAS “1. Rigveda , 2.Samveda , 3.Yajurveda , 4.Atarvaveda “

• UPNISHADS

• EPICS OF MAHABHARTA AND RAMAYANA

• SUTRAS

• BUDDHIST AND JAINISM TEXTS

STONE AGE AGE

(NEW STONE AGE)

1. PALEOLITHIC AGE (OLD STONE AGE) #TILL 10,000 BCE–

(a) Lower Paleolithic (upto 1,00,000 BCE)–

Life of a human being was all about hunting and food gathering.

Habitation of human being was “Caves and Rock Shelters”.

Using the weapons made of stones like “ Axes”

BORI (MAHARASRTRA WAS EARLIEST SITE OF THIS ERA IN INDIA)

(b) Middle Paleolithic (1,00,000 – 40,000 BCE)–

Evidence of Use of fire , but these wasn’t considered as first use of fire.

Upgradation in Tools, those became smaller, lighter and thinner.

Important sites = Belan valley in UP ,Luni valley (Rajasthan) ,Son and Narmada rivers , Bhimbetka (MADHYA PRADESH)

1. PALEOLITHIC AGE (OLD STONE AGE) TILL 10,000 BCE–

(c) Upper Paleolithic (upto 40,000 BCE- 10,000 BCE)–

EMERGENCE OF HOMO SAPIENS.

BONES USED AS BETTER WEAPON.

2. Mesolithic Age (Middle Stone Age) (upto 10,000 BCE- 8,000 BCE)–

Major Climate Changes , the caused the major changes in condition of HomoSapinens.

Increased rainfall extended the availability of Flora and fauna .

Domestication of Animals started. (Dogs , Sheep , goats)

Life of Human was much Nomadic. The Mesolithic men started to wear clothes made of animal skin

The people of this era believed in life after death and hence they buried the dead with food items.

Major sites – Gujrat , Uttar Pradesh Region, Narmada Vindhyan Region , Brhamgiri Mysore (Karnataka)

Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) (upto 8000 BCE- 4,000 BCE)–

Human Being settled from Nomadic to settled life.

Starting of Agriculture. (Wheat and barley were some of the first crops cultivated by early humans)

Discovery of Wheel. (Firstly Stone then Wheel).

Knew how to make Fire.